Removal cut with no collar

no collar at branch base There is no collar at the base of the branch making it somewhat challenging to locate the appropriate cut angle.

cut branch at right angle

Starting at the outer edge of the collar (or branch bark ridge) on top of the union, cut at about a right angle with the top of the branch.

Good removal cuts are round on young branches but can be oval on larger branches.

Here is the same cut one year later, showing woundwood growing evenly around the pruning cut. This indicates that the cut was made appropriately.