| The natural root distributions of seven species of shade 
      trees (Norway, red and sugar maple, green ash, redbud, ginkgo, and pin oak), 
      growing under nursery conditions were characterized. The north quadrant 
      of the root systems of these trees was more developed than any other quadrant. 
      In general, the vertical distribution of the major roots showed the greatest 
      development at the soil depth of 13-38 cm, with limited growth in the top 
      12 cm, and decreasing development at depths below 38 cm. The fibrous root 
      densities were usually greater in the upper 10 cm depth than at the lower 
      depths. Tree spades, commonly used to transplant nursery trees, reduce the 
      root system by up to 98 percent. Since regenerated roots originate primarily 
      at the severed ends of the roots cut during digging, location of these severed 
      roots with respect to the new soil is an important factor in re-establishment 
      of transplanted trees. |